天目山森林生物多样性的生态学特征及其保续

概括地介绍了天目山森林类型、分布、区系及其地理起源，表明了天目山森林生物多样性及其南北过渡的特征；文章进一步阐述了天目山森林生物多样性的生态学特征，从物种的变异和适应，系统组成结构的复杂性（食物链和食物网），达到协同进化、稳定发展并对人类生存的环境、社会、经济、文化诸方面，产生着有益的影响；为维护天目山森林生物的多样性及其生态系统的多种功能，除加强管理、重视保护外，可应用遥感技术，按地形和森林外貌等特点，将天目山划分为若干功能小区，进行科技研究和经营管理，使其能持续发展，增强功能，提高效益。     

The pelagic habitat analysis module for ecosystem‐based fisheries science and management

We have developed a set of tools that operate within an aquatic geographic information system to improve the accessibility, and usability of remote‐sensed satellite and computer‐modeled oceanographic data for marine science and ecosystem‐based management. The tools form the Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module (PHAM), which can be applied as a modeling platform, an investigative aid in scientific research, or utilized as a decision support system for marine ecological management. Applications include fisheries, marine biology, physical and biological oceanography, and marine spatial management. The GIS provides a home for diverse data types and automated tools for downloading remote sensed and global circulation model data. Within the GIS environment, PHAM provides a framework for seamless interactive four‐dimensional visualization, for matching between disparate data types, for flexible statistic or mechanistic model development, and for dynamic application of user developed models for habitat, density, and probability predictions. Here we describe PHAM in the context of ecosystem‐based fisheries management, and present results from case study projects which guided development. In the first, an analysis of the purse seine fishery for tropical tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed oceanographic drivers of the catch distribution and the influence of climate‐driven circulation patterns on the location of fishing grounds. To support management of the Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the California Current Ecosystem, a simple empirical habitat utilization model was developed and used to dynamically predict the seasonal range expansion of common thresher shark based on oceanographic conditions.     

森林生态系统服务的价值评估和补偿:概念、原则和指标

通过生态系统服务价值评估途径制定森林生态补偿标准,意味着立足于市场评估森林生态系统服务的经济价值。但是,一些问题困扰着评估实践,选择哪些指标用于评估就是难题之一。评估存量还是流量,选择指标时应遵循的原则,也必须事先得到明确界定。本研究应用生态学和经济学理论,提出了评估本身应遵循的范畴和原则,以及应当选取的价值类型和评估指标。     

水产畜牧产品质量安全监管现状、存在问题与对策

以广西柳江县为例,分析水产畜牧产品质量安全监管现状,指出水产畜牧产品质量安全监管存在着监管机构不健全,监管体系薄弱,监管力量薄弱,装备不足,监管专项资金缺乏,监管面广难度大,以及水产畜牧生产经营者素质不高,消费者缺乏自我保护意识的问题,提出加强水产畜牧产品质量安全监管工作建议与对策,以期为加强水产畜牧产品质量安全监管工作提供参考。     

水产类上市公司经营绩效评价及影响因素分析——基于DEA-Tobit模型

2012年以来水产类上市公司经营面临困局.该研究根据11家水产类上市公司2012～2014年的面板数据,首先运用DEA模型进行生产效率的评价,研究发现水产类上市公司的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率3年平均值都较高,但2014年整体绩效有走低的趋势;然后运用Tobit模型,分析经营绩效的影响因素,发现公司总资产周转率和高等教育人员比例与技术效率正相关,而研发人员比例与技术效率不相关.最后,从资产整合、加强营销、重视人才和发展休闲渔业等方面提出了提高水产类上市公司经营绩效的对策建议.     

Changing how we approach fisheries: A first attempt at an operational framework for ecosystem approaches to fisheries management

The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.     

Retrospective analysis of the influence of environmental drivers on commercial stocks and fishing opportunities in the Irish Sea

Irish Sea fisheries have undergone considerable change in recent years following the decline of commercially important finfish stocks and their slow response to management's recovery plans. In 2015, the fishing industry called for a holistic exploration into the impact of environmental change and food web effects to identify the drivers underpinning stock dynamics. In this study, we identify correlations between large‐scale climatic indicators, temperature, primary and secondary productivity, and fish recruitment in the Irish Sea and incorporate them into an Ecopath with Ecosim food web model co‐created by scientists and fishers. Negative correlations were found between the North Atlantic Oscillation winter index (NAOw) and large zooplankton abundance and between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the recruitment of cod (Gadus morhua) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Using correlation analyses to direct the addition of environmental drivers to the Irish Sea ecosystem model improved the models fit against observed biomass and catch data and revealed the indirect impacts of environmental change as mitigated through trophic interactions. Model simulations suggest that historic environmental change suppressed the overall production of commercial finfish, limiting opportunities for the fishing industry, whilst also dampening the rate of stock recovery despite marked reductions in fishing effort. These results suggest that failure to account for ecosystem information may lead to misconceived expectations and flawed fisheries management; therefore, there is a need to operationalize ecosystem information through management procedures to support fisheries advice.     

京津冀潮白河区域土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响

为探讨京津冀潮白河区域不同时期内的土地利用变化和生态系统服务（ES）的动态演变情况，采用土地利用动态度模型、当量因子法、敏感性指数法，分析该区域2001、2005、2009、2013年和2017年近20年来的土地利用数据。结果表明：在2001-2017年期间该区域耕地和农村居民点面积明显减少，城镇用地和水域面积明显增加；该区域的主要土地利用类型为耕地、农村居民点和城镇用地，且耕地和农村居民点的比例逐渐减少，城镇用地比例逐渐增大；城镇用地、工矿用地和水域的动态度呈现大幅增加趋势，农村居民点、耕地、草地和林地的动态度呈现较大幅的减少趋势。近20年来该区域的生态系统服务价值（ESV）整体上呈现增加的趋势，水域的生态系统服务价值增加对该流域生态系统服务价值变化起决定性作用。2001-2017年该区域内各地类的敏感性指数（CS）均小于1，敏感性指数从大到小依次为耕地 > 水域 > 林地 > 草地。综上，应根据该区域内土地利用变化对生态系统服务产生的影响，制定合理化政策、构建合理的土地利用格局，从而提升生态系统服务。     

升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价与越冬候鸟的响应

湿地生态环境及越冬水禽是升金湖自然保护区主要保护对象,其生态系统健康评价对生态系统修复及越冬水禽数量的恢复具有重要意义。利用ERDAS软件将1986、1990、1995、2000、2004、2008、2011及2015年共计8个年份冬季的TM影像数据解译划分为8种景观类型,用FRAGSTATS软件计算出各个年份的景观指标。根据升金湖湿地压力、状态、响应3方面选取10个指标,构建了升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,利用逻辑斯蒂增长曲线模式(Logisticgrowthmodel)对这些单项指标进行评价,然后运用层次分析(AHP)的方法确定各个单项因子在指标体系中的权重,最后对1986到2015年升金湖湿地生态系统运用综合评价模型进行综合的评价分析。2015年升金湖生态系统健康综合评价值为0.430,属于亚健康的状态,应及时加强升金湖湿地生态保护措施。通过1995年与2015年对比得知人口密度增长10%以上,人类干扰指数增长了6.685,人类的干扰压力是导致湿地功能下降的主要因素;从状态分析与响应分析可以看出升金湖湿地修复功能处于不稳定的状态。通过越冬候鸟数量与湿地生态系统健康的关系可以看出越冬侯鸟数量的变化是随着湿地的生态系统健康评价状况变化而变化。